Introduction: Musculoskeletal pain is a common medical and socioeconomic problem worldwide. Treatment and management options most commonly include analgesics such as paracetamol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and topical over-the-counter (OTC) preparations. Patients often use OTC topical analgesics owing to the benefits shown by clinical studies for the treatment and management of musculoskeletal injuries and disorders. The aim of this study was (1) to review the background, current understanding, and therapeutic usefulness of topical counterirritants for the management of musculoskeletal pain (2) and to evaluate the sensorial characteristics of two prototype patches containing counterirritants, designed to manage pain relief by delivering a warming or cooling sensation. Methods: Detailed literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases for this review. An expert sensory panel study comprising of ten trained sensory experts was conducted to evaluate the performance of prototype patches containing counterirritants for their sensory characteristics including overall sensation, cooling, warming, and tingling sensations, as well as functional parameters such as ease of application and removal, adhesive property, odor intensity, staining on clothes, residue or greasiness, and sweat/moistness on the skin after removal. Results: Topical analgesics containing counterirritants like capsaicin, menthol, and salicylates produce analgesia by activating and then desensitizing epidermal nociceptors. Literature searches provide evidence for their use in the management of musculoskeletal pain. The expert sensory panel study showed that the sensations elicited by the prototype counterirritant patches were predominantly cooling, tingling, and low and short warming in nature, with strong adhesion, ease of application and removal, no staining, little to no residue and grease on the skin, and low lingering odor of menthol. Conclusion: Literature search supports the use of counterirritants in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain like backache, strains, and sprains. In addition, the observations from the expert sensory panel study evaluating sensory and functional parameters of counterirritant patches showed that these patches provide predominantly cooling, tingling and low short lasting warming sensations with strong adhesion, no stain and little to no residue and grease. These results support their potential as a treatment modality with increased consumer acceptance, potentially increasing treatment adherence and maximizing the effectiveness of therapies. And may be used as part of multimodal pain treatment regimens for musculoskeletal conditions.

Objective: To gain a thorough understanding of antibiotic prescribing trends in the pediatric population. Method: The study was designed as a prospective observational study to collect various data from pediatric patients in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of antibiotic prescription trends in pediatrics. Result & conclusion: Data was collected from 90 pediatric patients, 41.1% (n = 37) of whom were male and 58.8% (n = 53) of whom were female. Antibiotics were prescribed to 71.1% (n = 64) of children, 17.7% (n = 16) of adolescents, and 10% (n = 9) of infants for the treatment of various infections. About 24.4% (n = 22) of patients were admitted to the hospital for three days, while 22.2% (n = 20) were only admitted for two days. The most common antibiotic prescribed by pediatricians is penicillin, which accounts for 46.6% (n = 42) of the total, followed by cephalosporin, which is seen in 35.5% (n = 32) of cases. By analyzing the prescription pattern of antibiotic use, it was discovered that the majority of patients, 66.7% (n = 60), re

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has emerged as a powerful bio- fabrication platform for tissue engineering because of its ability to engineer living cells and bio-material based 3D objects. Diverse bio-inks based on synthetic and natural biomaterials have also been created and successfully used for tissue regeneration at the same time. Over the past few decades, the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, which aim to develop functioning tissue-constructs replicating native tissue for the repair and/or replacement of damaged tissues or entire organs, have advanced quickly. Traditional tissue engineering methods, which include scaffolds, growth factors, and cells, had less success fabricating complicated 3D structures and regenerating organs in vivo, which made them logistically and financially unworkable for clinical applications. In this regard, 3D bioprinting, which is an extended application of additive manufacturing is now being explored for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as it involves the top-down approach of building the Layer-by- layer construction of complicated tissue, thereby producing precise geometries due to controlled nature of matter deposition with the help of anatomically accurate 3D models of the tissue generated by computer graphics. In this article, we seek to present a thorough analysis of the 3D bioprinting techniques, including ink-jet printing, extrusion printing, stereolithography, and laser aided bioprinting methods. With the exact control of structure, dynamics, and biological elements—such as cells and extracellular matrix (ECM)—3D bioprinting has a tremendous deal of promise to build very complex constructions.

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death world over, with no known scientifically proved cure so far. The present study evaluated the serum glucose lowering potentials of aqueous extracts of Bannufera mangii roots and Mannufera jangii leaves on alloxan induced diabetic rats. The most potent extract was further studied for its effects on serum insulin. Administration of 80 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate have significantly increased blood glucose level and affect the serum insulin and lipid profile as well as oxidative stress makers. Treatments of diabetic rats with 300mg/kg body weight of the two extracts and conventional antidiabetic drug showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels by 35.2%, 59.2% and 67.0% for B. mangii, M. jangii and metformin respectively. The remarkable antihyperglycaemic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidants and non-toxic (at 3000 mg/kg) potentials exhibited by M. jangii, validates its traditional use as an antidiabetic plant. Therefore, the plant has demonstrated a potential as another source of alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

To identify risk factors, neural network analysis is used to create disease prediction models, including diabetes. The goals of this study were to identify diabetes risk factors and determine their relative contribution using artificial intelligence as a mode of prediction. The current investigation was led by breaking down the dataset, as shown below. We chose a dataset from Kaggle. The diabetes dataset was from India. It has 763 female members, 497 of whom have no diabetes and 266 who have type 2 diabetes. We used neural network analysis to create mathematical models and visualize the distribution of diabetic risk factors. The significance level was set at 0.05. The current study found that the following risk factors were ranked in order of importance: Diabetes Pedigree Function, age, glucose, skin thickness, blood pressure, BMI, insulin, and number of pregnancies. When combined, neural network analysis is effective in developing mathematical models that can predict disease risk factors.

This study was undertaken to investigate the antimalarial activity of Indigofera tinctoria in Plasmodium berghei-infected rats. Phytochemical investigation was conducted using standard method to determine the presence of the bioactive compounds. The in vitro anti-malarial assay of Indigofera tinctoria was carried out in triplicates in 96 wells microliter plate. The in-vivo anti-malarial effect was assessed with group serving as the normal control, group two was left untreated, group three was treated with the standard drug wile group four, five and six were treated with 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively. Indigofera tinctoria revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, steroids and quinines. For in vitro studies, the drug treated group had the lowest parasite count with a percentage protection of 93.65% while the percentage protection of the group that received the highest dose of the extract had a percentage protection of 79.50%. At Day 3, the untreated group still had its parasite count significantly higher than that of the other groups, while the lowest percentage count was recorded in the drug treated group. For the in vivo studies, the parasite count of the group that received the highest dose of the extract was not significantly different from that of the group treated with the standard drug. The percentage inhibition of the drug control at Day 3 was 93.82 while that of the group that received the highest dose of the extract was 80.06%. The parasite count before treatment (Day 0) for the normal control was significantly different (P<0.05) from that of the other groups. At Day 1, the parasite count for the induced control was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of the other groups. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the groups treated with the extract. At Day 6, the percentage inhibition for the drug control was 87.58%, while that of the extract treated groups were 39.98%, 57.86% and 76.48% respectively. At Day 9, there was not significantly difference between the normal control, the drug control and the group treated with the highest group of the extract. The potent antimalarial activity observed could be attributed to the presence of the secondary metabolites in Indigofera tinctoria leaves extracts.

Siddha medicine is one of the traditional systems of medicine in India found by Siddhars. There are totally 64 types of internal and external medicines in siddha system. It also speaks about the kuzhanthai maruthuvam [Paediatric medicine].Suzhi mantham a respiratory disorder compared to Acute Respiratory Tract Infection –Nasopharyngitis and WALRI. Suzhi mantham is one of the paediatrics illness followed by mantham [gastrointestinal disorder]. This study is about a trail drug shenbaga poo kuligai a herbomineral preparation. A preclinical study including biochemical analysis, anti-microbial activity,anti-spasmodic activity,anti-histamine activity is made on a trial drug and then followed by a clinical trial to analyse the effectiveness of a drug. As a result this study reveals shenbaga poo kuligai to be a highly effective medicine for suzhi mantham in siddha aspect.

Perumpaadu, (Menorrhagia) is one of the commonest gynaecological complaints, affecting 10-15 % of the adult female population. It is an abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) occurring at any age but the problem is common in woman over 35 years. It causes considerable morbidity. It can cause the patient to become anaemic. On the contrary patient develops the risk of cancer of reproductive organs [15]. Ancient and traditional medicines have been used to handle menorrhagia for many centuries. Our siddha system of medicine is very effective in treating such problems. This article reveals the treatment of menorrhagia according to their in siddha aspect.

Worldwide, the prevalence of diseases caused by and related to hypertension is rising. The goal of the current study was to investigate the causes of hypertension in hospital inpatients receiving tertiary care. Patient information was gathered, including demographics, laboratory results, and the final diagnosis. The six-month study, which involved 160 patients overall, was conducted. 20% did not have hypertension, making up the remaining 80%. Between the hypertensive and non-hypertensive population, risk factors for hypertension such as smoking, alcohol use, demographics, socioeconomic status, diet, family history, family size, education level, salt intake, lifestyle, and basic metabolic index were compared. In the study population, it was discovered that drinking alcohol, smoking, and eating a varied diet were significant risk factors for hypertension. As a result, these factors can be taken into account when creating effective prevention strategies and management guidelines for hypertension at the study site.

Background: Depression is common in COPD patients, and smokers are more likely to develop it. Methods: The smoking habits of 100 people with COPD were evaluated for the study during either an outpatient visit or a hospital stay. The Hamilton depression rating scale was used to assess depression in the study population (HAM-D). Result: The majority of the COPD patients in the current study were former smokers. The findings indicated that former smokers were more likely to experience depressed symptoms. Conclusion: Depression is a common condition among COPD patients. The findings revealed that patient age and smoking habits had a significant impact on the progression of COPD illness.

Hair follicles are surrounded by the dermis, but the cells are part of the epidermis and are separated from the dermis by the basal lamina layer. The main aim of the study is to design and evaluation of versatile Herbal Hair Oil to prevent and control hair-related problems. The main objectives of the study are Provides hair conditioning, Prevention & control of hair fall, Reduce scalp irritation, Prevents premature greying of hair, Treats Dandruff, Relieves all types of headaches especially migraine & Hangover headaches gives a shiny and glossy appearance.

The present study was mainly focused to analyse the phytochemical, biochemical quantification and mineral profile of dried rose petals of Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia. The Quantitative analysis of carbohydrates, protein, phenol and the qualitative phytochemical analysis were carried out in aqueous and ethanolic extract of Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia petals using the standard procedures. From the present study it can be interpreted that the preliminary phytochemical analysis of the aqueous and ethanolic petal extract of Rosa damascena showed positive results in many tests namely carbohydrate, protein, flavonoid, glycosides and alkaloids. Nutrient composition of the dried rose petals of R. damascene and R. centifolia contain carbohydrate, protein and phenol. The highest amount of carbohydrate (448.70 mg GL /gm), Protein (312.33mg BSA/gm) and phenol (287.42 mg GAE/gm) were observed in Rosa damascene and the lowest amount of carbohydrate (100.22 mg GL /gm), Protein (170.17mg BSA /gm), and phenol (245.45mg GAE/gm) were observed in Rosa centifolia. Mineral profile of the following parameters such as Nitrogen, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Iron, Sodium, Sulphate were determined and quantified. In conclusion, the presence of nutrients was considered to be the first biochemical quantification that reports the major nutrients of carbohydrates, proteins and phenol and some minerals in the dried rose petals of Rosa damascene and Rosa centifolia that can be strongly recommended for human diet intake.

Background: chronic and acute pain are extremely common, particularly among hospitalizes surgical patients, cancer patients, and general medical inpatients. More than half of patients report significant pain. The knowledge and attitude of health professionals toward pain management have frequently been described as inadequate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes and knowledge of nurses working in health care regarding pain management.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain is the most common reason a patient sees a physician. However, conventional painkillers are not completely effective in controlling all pain syndromes; thus, additional efforts have been made to develop analgesic drugs from natural materials. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Physalis angulata (EEA) was examined for its antinociceptive activity at doses of 140, 280, and 560 mg/kg body weight. Acetic acid-induced writhing was used to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of EEPa. The results showed that the EEPa (140, 280, and 560 mg/kg BW) had significant antinociceptive activity. The percentage of inhibition was 29,41%, 37,96%, 44,38%, respectively. These findings suggest that Physalis angulata leaves extracts possess promising antinociceptive effects.

The present study was focused to evaluate the phytochemical screening and biochemical estimation of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of edible nuts of Arachis hypogea, Anacardium occidentale, Prunus dulcis and Juglans regia. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrate, protein, phenol and tannin, flavonoid, glycoside, steroid, alkaloid in all the studied nuts. The quantification of A. hypogeae, A. occidentale, P. dulcis and J. regia were performed to determine the total amount of carbohydrate, protein and phenol. The highest amount of Carbohydrate was present in A. occidentale (244.7 ± 6.3 mg GLC/g), The Protein content was highly present in J. regia (455.14 ± 3.7 mg BSA/g) and the highest amount of Phenol was present in P. dulcis (355.78 ± 7.2 mg GAE/g).

Aim. The goal of this essay is to look into the factors that affect moms to start and continue exclusive breastfeeding. Background. Breastfeeding is the most successful and cost-efficient survival strategy, with the potential to cut child mortality in underdeveloped nations by up to 13% [2], [3]. Breastfeeding should begin within one hour of delivery, be exclusive from birth to six months of age, and continue until the child is two years old or older. [4]

Introduction: Diabetes foot is one of the most common complications of diabetes. Metformin treatment may aid in lowering the prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers in diabetic patients. Study objectives: The purpose of this study was to look into the prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers among diabetic patients attending out-patient, as well as the impact of metformin treatment on the development of diabetic foot ulcers.

Introduction: Diabetes foot is one of the most common complications of diabetes. Metformin treatment may aid in lowering the prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers in diabetic patients. Study objectives: The purpose of this study was to look into the prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers among diabetic patients attending out-patient, as well as the impact of metformin treatment on the development of diabetic foot ulcers.